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Parenting tips ... Unicef

Did you know that up to 75% of each meal goes to build your baby's brain? Or that over 80% of your baby’s brain is formed by the age of 3?*

With every hug and every kiss, with every nutritious meal and game you play, you’re helping to build your baby’s brain.

Here are some tips to help give your child the best start in life:

 

 

> Get baby tips: newborn 

> Get baby tips: 1-6 months

> Get baby tips: 6-9 months

> Get baby tips: 9-12 months

  

> Get toddler tips: 1-2 years

> Get toddler tips: 2+ years

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Newborn baby tips

UNICEF/UN0159516/Chute

Did you know?

Within a few days, babies can start smiling when people smile at them.

 

Provide ways for your baby to see, hear, move freely and touch you.You should see your baby’s arms and legs move in disconnected ways. Slowly your baby will learn how to control her movements.Look into your baby’s eyes and smile in response to his smiles.You should see your baby react positively to your facial expressions, movements and gestures.Talk to your baby in soft tones and ‘baby talk’. Both the father, mother and other caregivers should communicate with the newborn. You will notice that she can hear and will soon start memorizing and copying your words.Gently change the sound of your voice. Make it slower/quicker, higher/lower, or quieter/louder. You should observe reactions from your baby’s face and body, and notice him interacting with you.Place your baby on her tummy and shake a rattle or bell in front of her. Slowly lift the rattle just a little and encourage her to lift her head and shoulders to watch it move. Doing so helps your baby follow the rattle with her eyes, and practice lifting her head and shoulders.Gently soothe, stroke and hold your child. You will see your baby comforted, happy to be held and cuddled.Do skin to skin contact. Feeling, hearing and smelling your presence should provide your baby with a sense of calm and security.

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1-6 month old baby tips

UNICEF/UN0201069/Krepkih

Did you know?

1-3 month old babies see things best when they are between 20-30 cm away. By 3 months, babies have a greater range of vision.

 

Provide ways for your child to see, hear, feel, move freely and touch you. Your baby will slowly establish trust with you.Slowly move colourful things for your child to see and reach for. A simple, homemade toy, like a rattle, can attract your baby’s interest by the sounds it makes.Smile and laugh with your child.You should soon see your baby smile in return.Talk to your child and copy her sounds or gestures. You should see her slowly focus on your face and try to imitate you in return.Help your child follow an object.When he sees it, move it slowly from side to side and up and down. You should see him try to follow the object with his eyes.Encourage your child to reach for a safe object. Try something like a plastic cup. You should see her try to grab or touch it.Cut out simple pictures of familiar things, people and animals. Try to get pictures showing lots of different colors, textures, scenes and faces. Talk about the pictures as your baby looks at them. You should observe how your baby listens to what you tell him and participates in his own way.Play a game with your baby. Place her on her stomach and slowly walk your fingers toward her. Then quickly and gently tickle her saying: “here come my fingers, here they come, closer and closer, they got you”. To change the game, make your fingers creep slowly or quickly, or wait different amounts of time before tickling her. You should see her show delight by laughing or squealing.

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6-9 month old baby tips

UNICEF/UNI116104/Pirozzi

Did you know?

At 6 months, your baby can eat anything except honey which should not be given until she is a year old.  

 

When asking a question, give lots of time for the answer. Count to 10 in your head. If no answer comes, then answer the question yourself. Try an easier question the next time.Say your baby’s name as much as possible. She will look to see who is saying it and will try to reach out to the person.Never speak or sing too loudly, as this may scare babies.Smile as much as possible and provide your baby with comfort and trust.Give your child clean, safe and colourful things, such as a wooden spoon or plastic bowl, to reach for and touch, or bang and drop.Make simple picture books, puzzles, hand puppets and dolls to develop your baby's curiosity and help him learn new things. To make a simple puzzle, just glue a picture on a piece of cardboard or other material and cut out the sections.

 

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9-12 month old baby tips

UNICEF/UN0208077/Hearfield

Did you know?

To increase infants’ self-esteem and confidence, always take a positive approach to your child’s learning process. Try to say “yes”, “good”, “well done” more often, rather than “no”, “bad”, “not good”.

 

Play hide and seek with your infant and see if he can find the objects you hide. You can hide something under a cloth, and say: “Where did it go?”, “Can you find it?”. You should see an increase in your child’s curiosity and willingness to find out what happened to the object.Tell your infant the names of things and people. She should show interest and soon will try to make relationships between words and objects or people.Show your child how to say things with hands, like “bye bye”. Soon your child should try to imitate you and wave “bye-bye” on his own, making a relationship between a movement and a vocal expression.Point to the eyes, nose and mouth on a doll. After showing one part on the doll, touch the same part on yourself and on your baby. Take your baby’s hand and have him touch the eyes, nose and mouth on the doll, you and himself. Slowly, the baby will be able to memorize and identify these different words and relate them to his body parts.

 

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1-2 year old toddler tips

UNICEF/UN0151386/Voronin

Did you know?

Toddlers are especially happy when they see that they are making the adults around them happy as well.

 

Give your child things to put into containers and take out. She will try to take them out and put them back on her own, which is great for the development of eye-hand coordination skills.Give your toddler things to stack up. He should try to stack more things on his own and make them fall down, or will stack things up until they fall down.Ask your child simple questions and respond to your child’s attempts to talk. She should be willing to interact by responding and/or asking further questions.Try to talk about different realities with your infant, such as nature, pictures and things from the surrounding environment. You should see your toddler move around and be willing to explore the environment.Watch what your toddler does and name it: “You are filling the box.” He will be happy to show you what he learned and will gain self-esteem.Play with your toddler and offer help: “Let’s do it together. Here are more stones to put into your box.”These discoveries should make her happy and more confident.Use every opportunity to engage in a conversation, including when feeding or bathing, or when working near him. He should soon begin to understand what you are saying and be able to follow simple directions.Turn simple questions into games: “Where is your toe?” or “Where is the bird?”. You can look at pictures and talk about what you see. She should show more and more curiosity and willingness to communicate about what she sees and hears.

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2+ years old toddler tips

UNICEF/UN033166/LeMoyne

Did you know?

Children learn better when they are taught how to behave well instead of being scolded for behaving badly.

 

Ask simple questions and listen to the answers. Encourage your child to talk: “What is this?”, “Where is the window?”, “Which ball is bigger?”, “Would you like the red cup?”. You should see your child’s growing interest in interacting with you and responding to your questions.Read stories to your child and ask questions about what you see in the book. You should notice your child memorizes and tries to repeat what you read.Help your child learn to count by asking “how many” and counting things together. Your child will make mistakes at first, but learn from repeating things many times.Offer your child circles and other shapes cut from coloured paper to compare and sort. She should be happy to try sorting things and will learn how to match and make relationships between different objects, colours and shapes.

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* Sources: Steen, The Evolving Brain: The Known and The Unknown, 2007; Dekaban, Annals of Neurology, 1978.

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Action Time

The Charge : Sections 211-224 and 464 of CrPC

What is Charge?

Charge is a first notice to accused of his offence, it should convey to him in sufficient clearness and certainty what the prosecution intends to prove and which case the accused is to meet. The charge sheet corresponds to indictment under English Law.

Section 2(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (in short crpc) defines a charge as including any head of charge, when the charge contains more than one. However the Code of Criminal Procedure does not define what a charge is. In law a charge may be define as a precise formulation of a specific accusation made against a person of an offence alleged to have been committed by him.

Purpose and Object

The purpose of a charge is to tell the accused, as precisely and concisely as possible, about the matter with which he is charged and the object of a charge is to warn the accused of the case which he has to answer. The forms in which the charges may be framed are set forth in Second Schedule of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Legal Provisions

The provisions regarding charge are contained in Sections 211 to 224 and 464 of the crpc. Sections 211 to 214 of crpc deals with what a charge should contain. Section 211 of the crpc lays down that every charge shall contain the following particulars:-

(1) The offence with which the accused is charged.

(2) If the law which creats the offence gives it, any specific name, the offence may be described in the charge by that name.

(3) If the law which creats the offence does not give it any specific name, so much of the definition of the offence must be stated as to give the acused notice of the matter with which he is charged.

(4) The law and the section of the law against which the offence is said to have been committed shall be mentioned in the charge.

(5) The fact that charge is made is equivalent to statement that every legal condition required by law to constitute the offence charged was fulfilled in the particular case.

(6) The charge shall be written in the language of the court.

(7) If the accused having been previously convicted of any offence is liable, by reason of such previous conviction to enhanced punishment or to punishment of a different kind, for a subsequent offence and it is intended to prove such previous conviction for the purpose of affecting the punishment, which the court may think fit to award for the subsequent offence the fact, date and place of the previous conviction shall be stated in the charge; and if such statement has been omitted, the court may add it at any time before sentence is passed.

Section 212, crpc then provides that the charge must contain such particulars as to the time and place of the alleged offence, and the person, if any against whom, or the thing if any, in respect of which, the offence was committed as are reasonably sufficient to give to the accused notice of the matter with which he is charged.
According to Section 212(2), crpc when the charge is of criminal breach of trust or criminal misappropriation of money, it shall be sufficient to specify
(a) the gross sum in respect of which the offence is committed;
(b) the dates between which it is committed provided the time between the first and the last date shall not exceed one year.

Section 213, crpc lays down that if the nature of the case is such that the particulars mentioned in Sections 211 and 212 of crpc do not give to the accused sufficient notice of the matter with which he is charged, the charge must also mention such particulars of the manner in which the alleged offence was committed as would be sufficient for that purpose. e.g. A is accused of cheating B at a given time and place. The charge must set out the manner in which A cheated B.

Effect of a defective charge

The matter have been provided in Sections 215 and 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The two sections read together lay down that whatever the irregularity in framing of a charge, it is not fatal unless there is prejudice caused to the accused. The mere omission to frame a charge or a mere defect in the charge is no ground for setting aside a conviction. Procedural laws are designed to subserve the ends of justice and not to frustrate them by mere technicalities. The object of the charge is to give an accused notice of the matter he is charged with. If the necessary information is conveyed to him and no prejudice is caused to him because of the charges, the accused cannot succeed by merely showing that the charges framed were defective. Nor could a conviction recorded on charges under wrong provisions be reversed if the accused was informed of the details of the offence committed and thus no prejudice was caused to him.

The court may alter or add to any charge at any time before the judgment is pronounced (sections 216 and 217, crpc). But if a person has been charged the court cannot drop it. He has either to be convicted or acquitted.





Disclaimer: All the contents are for general use and information. Consult your lawyer before acting upon these informations.      
  

Dispute regarding possession of immovable property : Section 145, 146 crpc.

Disputes over land and water, crops and other produce of land and rights of user in respect of immovable property often result in breach of the peace, violence and bloodshed. Sections 145 and  146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (in short crpc) together constitute a scheme for the resolution of a situation where there is likelihood of a breach of the peace because of a dispute concerning any land or water or their boundaries.

Sub-section (1) of Section 145 of crpc reads as: - Whenever an Executive Magistrate is satisfied from a report of a police officer or upon other information that a dispute likely to cause a breach of the peace exists concerning any land or water or the boundaries thereof, within his local jurisdiction, he shall make an order in writing, stating the grounds of his being so satisfied, and requiring the parties concerned in such dispute to attend his Court in person or by pleader, on a specified date and time, and to put in written statements of their respective claims as respects the fact of actual possession of the subject of dispute.

Further Sub-section (2) of Section 145, crpc says- For the purpose of this section, the expression “land or water” includes buildings, markets, fisheries, crops or other produce of land, and the rents or profits of any such property.

In order to take preventive action under Section 145 two essential conditions must be satisfied, 

(i) there must be dispute relating to land or other objects mentioned in Subsection (1); and

(ii) the dispute is likely to cause a breach of peace.

The Magistrate exercising jurisdiction under Section 145, crpc must be satisfied about these two conditions either from a police report or from any other information which would include an application by the dispossessed person.

On being satisfied about the existence of a dispute likely to cause a breach of peace, the Magistrate issues a preliminary order stating the grounds of his satisfaction and calling upon the parties to appear before him and submit their written statement.

On perusal of the written statements he would proceed to record evidence to decide which of the parties was in possession on the date of the preliminary order. If he decides that- 

(i) one of the parties was in possession he declares possession of such party;

(ii) if on the other hand he is unable to decide who was in possession, or

(iii) if he is of opinion that none of the parties was in such possession, he may say so.

If he decides that one of the parties was in possession he declares the possession of such property. In the other two situations he attaches the property. Thus a proceeding began with a preliminary order followed up by an enquiry and end with the Magistrate deciding in one of three ways and making consequential orders.

The Magistrate may, however, stop the proceedings at any time if one or the other of the parties satisfies him that there has never been or that there is no longer any dispute likely to cause a breach of the peace. The Magistrate then cancels the preliminary order vide Section 145(5), crpc except in this event a proceeding initiated by a preliminary order under Section 145(1) must run its full course.

Whether a composite order of attachment of disputed property under Section 146, crpc can be passed by the Magistrate while passing the preliminary order under Section 145(1), crpc?

A Magistrate who wants to pass an order under Section 146(1), crpc has at first to pass an order under Section 145(1), crpc in order to assume jurisdiction to attach the property under Section 146(1), crpc. There is nothing in the said two sections or in the Code of Criminal Procedure to prevent a Magistrate to pass the said orders in the same strain and in the same sitting, the order under Section 146(1) just following the order under Section 145(1) of the code.

A Magistrate can pass a composite order of attachment on disputed property under Section 146(1) while passing the preliminary order under Section 145(1), crpc. But such an order is only valid in the following circumstances 

(i) the order under Section 145(1) should be separately drawn than the order under Section 146(1), crpc,

(ii) that the order under Section 145(1) must precede order under Section 146(1) crpc,

(iii) it must be borne out from both the orders that they satisfy separately the existence of the conditions for drawing such orders under the two sections.

Did you know?

The proceeding under Section 107, crpc are for public peace and tranquility whereas those under Section 145, crpc relate to dispute regarding possession between parties concerning any land or water or boundaries thereof. 

There is no bar to filing criminal proceedings under Section 145, crpc over the same disputed immovable property for which civil proceedings are pending. The jurisdiction of the Magistrate under Sections 145 and 146, crpc to maintain peace will prevails over the orders of the civil court except where

(i) the determination of rights by the civil court has become final, or

(ii) the civil court has appointed a receiver.

An order made under Section 145, crpc deals only with the factum of possession of the party as on a particular day. It confers no title to remain in possession of the disputed property. The order is subject to decision of the civil court. The unsuccessful party therefore must get relief only in the civil court. He may move the civil court with properly constituted suit. He may file a suit for declaration and prove a better right to possession. The civil court has jurisdiction to give a finding different from that which the Magistrate has reached.  

Disclaimer - All the contents are for general use and information. Consult your lawyer before acting.