Transfer of property to unborn person

Who is unborn person? An unborn person means a person who is not in existence even in mother’s womb.

According to section 5 of Transfer of Property Act 1882, transfer of property takes place only between two living persons (see the language of sec 5 of the said Act-“transfer of property” means an act by which a living person conveys property, in present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, or to himself and one or more other living persons, and “to transfer of property” is to perform such act). This means that transferee i.e. the person to whom it is transferred, must also be in existence at the date of transfer.

In the light of the section 5 of the T.P.Act, property cannot be transferred directly to an unborn person.  In between the transferor and the unborn there must be an intermediary living person who may hold the property in trust for the benefit of the unborn. The unborn must come into existence before the death of the person holding property for life. If the unborn comes into existence after the death of the last living person, the property shall revert back to the transferor or his heirs.

Section 13 of T.P.Act 1882, read as “where, on a transfer of property, an interest therein is created for the benefit of a person not in existence at the date of the transfer, subject to a prior interest created by the same transfer, the interest created for the benefit of such person shall not take effect, unless it extends to the whole of the remaining interest of the transferor in the property”.

Illustration: -- A transfer his property to X for life who is unmarried and then to the eldest child of X absolutely. The transfer in favor of eldest child of X is valid.

Giving life interest or creating life-estate in favor of a person means giving him only the right of enjoyment and possession. He has to preserve the property like a trustee during his life time on behalf of the unborn. If absolute interest is given to this living person, he may be entitled to dispose it of to anyone.

 Further in the light of section 16 of the T.P. Act, if prior interest created under section 13 fails, the subsequent interest depending on it also fails.

In the case of Girish Dutt V/s Data Din, the gift to unborn daughters with no powers of alienation was held to be invalid.


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Cube: Try it

Cube: Try it

With the help of

 (a+b) ^3 = a^3 + 3a^2b +3ab^2 + b^3,

We can easily find out the cube of any number in the following manner

11^3 = (1^3) (3×1^2×1) (3×1×1^2) (1^3)

= (1) (3) (3) (1)

=1331

12^3 = (1^3) (3×1^2×2) (3×1×2^2) (2^3)

= (1) (6) (12) (8)

= (1) (6+1) (2) (8)

= 1728

13^3 = (1^3) (3×1^2×3) (3×1×3^2) (3^3)

= (1) (9) (27) (27)

= (1) (9) (27+2) (7)

= (1) (9) (29) (7)

= (1) (9+2) (9) (7)

= (1) (11) (9) (7)

= (1+1) (1) (9) (7)

=2197

14^3 = (1^3) (3×1^2×4) (3×1×4^2) (4^3)

= (1) (12) (48) (64)

= (1) (12) (48+6) (4)

= (1) (12) (54) (4)

= (1) (12+5) (4) (4)

= (1) (17) (4) (4)

= (1+1) (7) (4) (4)

= 2744

15^3 = (1^3) (3×1^2×5) (3×1×5^2) (5^3)

= (1) (15) (75) (125)

= (1) (15) (75+12) (5)

= (1) (15) (87) (5)

= (1) (15+8) (7) (5)

= (1) (23) (7) (5)

= (1+2) (3) (7) (5)

= 3375

26^3 = (2^3) (3×2^2×6) (3×2×6^2) (6^3)

= (8) (3×4×6) (3×2×36) (216)

= (8) (72) (216) (216)

= (8) (72) (216+21) (6)

= (8) (72) (237) (6)

= (8) (72+23) (7) (6)

= (8) (95) (7) (6)

= (8+9) (5) (7) (6)

= 17576

37^3 = (3^3) (3×3^2×7) (3×3×7^2) (7^3)

= (27) (189) (441) (343)

= (27) (189) (441+34) (3)

= (27) (189+47) (5) (3)

= (27+23) (6) (5) (3)

=50653

98^3 = (9^3) (3×9^2×8) (3×9×8^2) (8^3)

= (729) (1944) (1728) (512)

= (729) (1944) (1728+51) (2)

= (729) (1944+177) (9) (2)

= (729+212) (1) (9) (2)

= 941192.

Multiplication Game

Easy Multiplication

With the help of distributive law (a+b) ×(c+d) = ac + ad + bc + bd; we can easily multiply two numbers in the following way

26×34 = (2×3) (2×4) (6×3) (6×4)

= (6) (8) (18) (24)

= (6) (8 + 18) (24)

= (6) (26) (24)

= (6) (26+2) (4)

= (6) (28) (4)

= (6+2) (8) (4)

= (8) (8) (4)

= 884.

18629×96 = (1×9) (1×6) (8×9) (8×6) (6×9) (6×6) (2×9) (2×6) (9×9) (9×6)

= (9) (6) (72) (48) (54) (36) (18) (12) (81) (54)

= (9) {(6) + (72)} {(48) + (54)} {(36) + (18)} {(12) + (81)} (54)

= (9) (78) (102) (54) (93) (54)

= (9) (78) (102) (54) (93+5) (4)

= (9) (78) (102) (54) (98) (4)

= (9) (78) (102) (54+9) (8) (4)

= (9) (78) (102) (63) (8) (4)

= (9) (78) (102+6) (3) (8) (4)

= (9) (78) (108) (3) (8) (4)

= (9) (78+10) (8) (3) (8) (4)

= (9) (88) (8) (3) (8) (4)

= (9+8) (8) (8) (3) (8) (4)

= (17) (8) (8) (3) (8) (4)

= 1788384.

195264×105

 = 195264×105 = (1×10) (1×5) (9×10) (9×5) (5×10) (5×5) (2×10) (2×5) (6×10) (6×5) (4×10) (4×5)

 = (10) (5) (90) (45) (50) (25) (20) (10) (60) (30) (40) (20)

= (10) (5+90) (45+50) (25+20) (10+60) (30+40) (20)

= (10) (95) (95) (45) (70) (70) (20)

= (10) (95) (95) (45) (70) (70+2) (0)

= (10) (95) (95) (45) (70) (72) (0)

= (10) (95) (95) (45) (70+7) (2) (0)

= (10) (95) (95) (45) (77) (2) (0)

= (10) (95) (95) (45+7) (7) (2) (0)

= (10) (95) (95) (52) (7) (2) (0)

= (10) (95) (95+5) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= (10) (95) (100) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= (10) (95+10) (0) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= (10) (105) (0) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= (10+10) (5) (0) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= (20) (5) (0) (2) (7) (2) (0)

= 20502720.

Square: Some more examples

(101)^2 = (10^2) (2×10×1) (1^2) or (1^2) (2×1×01) {(01) ^2}

               = (100) (20) (1) or (1) (02) (01)

               = (100+2) (0) (1) or 10201

               = (102) (0) (1) or 10201

                = 10201 or 10201.

(102)^2 = (10^2) (2×10×2) (2^2) or (1^2) (2×1×02) {(02) ^2}

               = (100) (40) (4) or (1) (04) (04)

               = (100+4) (0) (4) or 10404

               = (104) (0) (4) or 10404

               = 10404 or 10404.

(105)^2 = (10^2) (2×10×5) (5^2) or (1^2) (2×1×05) {(05) ^2}

               = (100) (100) (25) or (1) (10) (25)

               = (100) (100+2) (5) or 11025

               = (100) (102) (5) or 11025

               = (100+10) (2) (5) or 11025

               = (110) (2) (5) or 11025

               = 11025 or 11025.

(124)^2 = (12^2) (2×12×4) (4^2) or (1^2) (2×1×24) (24^2)

               = (144) (96) (16) or (1) (48) (576)

               = (144) (96+1) (6) or (1) (48+5) (76)

               = (144) (97) (6) or (1) (53) (76)

               = (144+9) (7) (6) or 15376

               = (153) (7) (6) or 15376

                = 15376 or 15376.

(1835)^2 = (18^2) (2×18×35) (35^2)

                 = (324) (1260) (1225)

                 = (324) (1260+12) (25)

                 = (324) (1272) (25)

                 = (324+12) (72) (25)

                 = (336) (72) (25)

                 = 3367225.

(1836)^2 = (18^2) (2×18×36) (36^2)

                 = (324) (1296) (1296)

                 = (324) (1296+12) (96)

                 = (324) (1308) (96)

                 = (324+13) (08) (96)

                 = (337) (08) (96)

                 = 3370896.

Square: Try it

Square: Try it We know that
(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2.
With the help of above we can find out the square of a number in the following way…
(11)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×1) (1^2)
= (1) (2) (1)
=121.
(12)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×2) (2^2)
= (1) (4) (4)
= 144.
(13)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×3) (3^2)
= (1) (6) (9)
= 169.
(14)^2 = (1^2) (2 ×1×4) (4^2)
= (1) (8) (16)
= (1) (8+1) (6)
= (1) (9) (6)
= 196.
(15)^2 = (1^2) (2 ×1×5) (5^2)
= (1) (10) (25)
= (1+1) (0+2) (5)
= (2) (2) (5)
=225.
(16)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×6) (6^2)
= (1) (12) (36)
= (1+1) (2+3) (6)
= (2) (5) (6)
= 256.
(17)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×7) (7^2)
= (1) (14) (49)
= (1+1) (4+4) (9)
= (2) (8) (9)
= 289.
(18)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×8) (8^2)
= (1) (16) (64)
= (1+1) (6+6) (4)
= (2) (12) (4)
= (2+1) (2) (4)
= (3) (2) (4)
= 324
(19)^2 = (1^2) (2×1×9) (9^2)
= (1) (18) (81)
= (1+1) (8+8) (1)
= (2) (16) (1)
= (2+1) (6) (1)
= 361.
(20)^2 = (2^2) (2×2×0) (0^2)
= (4) (0) (0)
= 400.
(21)^2 = (2^2) (2×2×1) (1^2)
= (4) (4) (1)
= 441.
(25)^2 = (2^2) (2×2×5) (5^2)
= (4) (20) (25)
= (4+2) (0+2) (5)
= (6) (2) (5)
= 625.
(98)^2 = (9^2) (2×9×8) (8^2)
= (81) (144) (64)
= (81) (144+6) (4)
= (81) (150) (4)
= (81+15) (0) (4)
= (96) (0) (4)
= 9604.

square of a natural number is the sum of two definite natural numbers.

Square of a natural number can be found with the help of the following equation

(xy)^2 = x(x+1)y^2 + 20x(y−5).

Where y = 0 to 9; x = 0 to ∞.

Explanation:- value of first number is obtained by putting the value of x(x+1) next to the value of y^2.

Example:- square of 37 can be obtained by putting the value of 3(3+1) next to the value of 7^2 and add into them 20 times the value of 3(7−5).

Now 3(3+1) = 3×4 = 12 and 7^2 =49, put them next to each other. We get 1249.
In 1249 add 20 times the value of 3×(7−5).

Now 20×3(7−5)= 20×3×2 = 120

So 1249+120=1369. This is the required square of 37.

Another example
596^2 = 59(59+1)6^2 +20×59(6−5).
=(3540)36 + 1180
=354036+1180
=355216. This is the required square of 596. Here value of y is 6 and value of x is 59.

Another example
594^2 = 59(59+1)4^2 + 20×59(4−5)
= (59×60)4^2 + 20×59×(−1)
= (3540)16 − 1180
=354016 – 1180
=352836. This is the required square of 594. Here value of y is 4 and value of x is 59.

Note:- Numbers has its mirror image.

Rule against perpetuity

What is perpetuity?

Perpetuity means indefinite period. A perpetuity, as defined by Lewis in his well known book, ‘‘Lewis on Perpetuities’’ , is ‘a future limitation, whether executory or by way of remainder, and of either real or personal property which is not to vest until after the expiration of , or will not necessarily vest within, the period fixed and prescribed by law for the creation of future estates and interests.’
Rule against perpetuity is the rule which is against a transfer making the property inalienable for an indefinite period or for ever.

In India section-14 of The Transfer of Property Act of 1882 provides that vesting can be postponed up to the life or lives of the last person plus the minority of the ultimate beneficiary. Minority in India terminates at the age of 18 years.

Section-14 of T.P.Act read as ‘no transfer of property can operate to create an interest which is to take effect after the lifetime of one or more persons living at the date of such transfer, and the minority of some person who shall be in existence at the expiration of that period, and to whom, if he attains full age, the interest created is to belong.'

The true object of the rule against perpetuity is to restrain the creation of future conditional interest in property.

Jekyll M.R. in ‘Stanley v. Leigh’ has observed that if the rule were otherwise then ‘a great mischief would arise to the public from estates remaining for ever or for a long time inalienable or in transferable from one hand to another, being a damp to industry and a prejudice to trade, to which may be added the inconvenience and distress that would be brought on families whose estates are so fettered.’
What the rule applies to is not the contract, which in itself is not illegal, but the right of property or limitation which arises from the contract.

Gray on ‘The Rule against Perpetuity’- ‘the rule against perpetuity concern rights of property only, and does not affect the making of contracts which do not create rights of property.’


Disclaimer- All the content are for general use and information.